Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit promising luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. However, the potential toxicological effects of UCNPs necessitate thorough investigation to ensure their safe application. This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of t

Titanium implantation is a widely utilized process in the fabrication of high-performance coatings across various industries. The procedure entails a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting layer exhibits remarkable properties such as excellent adhesion, increased